Old English is a digital font that was produced by Monotype's design staff, circa 1990. But its roots go much further back: the face's design is based on that of Caslon Black, a Blackletter type cast by the venerable William Caslon foundry in England, circa 1760. This design has been popular throughout England for centuries. Its style of lettering, conveniently also called Old English, can be found all over the UK. Old English-style typefaces belong to the Blackletter category. They nicely combine the design attributes of both the medieval and Victorian eras. This is mostly because their Textura forms, which were born during the Middle Ages, became quite fashionable again in the late 1800s! This Old English font is very legible for a Blackletter face. Perhaps that is why it is more familiar to readers in the UK and North American than German Blackletter varieties, like Fraktur. A favorite once again today, Old English is ideal for certificates, diplomas, or any application which calls for the look of stateliness and authority. It's a sturdy and sure bet for newspaper banners, holiday greeting cards, and wedding announcements.

Old English is a digital font that was produced by Monotype's design staff, circa 1990. But its roots go much further back: the face's design is based on that of Caslon Black, a Blackletter type cast by the venerable William Caslon foundry in England, circa 1760. This design has been popular throughout England for centuries. Its style of lettering, conveniently also called Old English, can be found all over the UK. Old English-style typefaces belong to the Blackletter category. They nicely combine the design attributes of both the medieval and Victorian eras. This is mostly because their Textura forms, which were born during the Middle Ages, became quite fashionable again in the late 1800s! This Old English font is very legible for a Blackletter face. Perhaps that is why it is more familiar to readers in the UK and North American than German Blackletter varieties, like Fraktur. A favorite once again today, Old English is ideal for certificates, diplomas, or any application which calls for the look of stateliness and authority. It's a sturdy and sure bet for newspaper banners, holiday greeting cards, and wedding announcements.

Creates monograms with a crisp, stylish contemporary feel, for personal or business stationery. Each of the 36 borders is selected with a single keystroke. The border aligns and centers the letterforms by the use of a special spacer key.

Hail to the king baby! Inspired by the greatest comics artist of all time, these fonts will have you lettering pages like a New God! Both feature a seamless center squiggle and the deluxe font feature awesome Kirby crackle!

Quercus is characterised by open, yet a little bit condensed drawing with sufficient spacing so that the neighbouring letters never touch. It has eight interpolated weights with respective italics. Their fine gradation allows to find an exact valeur for any kind of design, especially on the web. Quercus serif styles took inspiration from classicistic typefaces with vertical shadows, ball terminals and thin serifs. The italics have the same width proportion as upright styles. This “modern” attitude is applied to both families and calls for use on the same page, e g in dictionaries and cultural programmes. Serif styles marked by “10” are dedicated to textual point sizes and long reading. The sans-serif principle is rather minimalistic, with subtle shadows and thinned joints between curved shapes and stems. Quercus family comprises of the usual functionality such as Small Caps, Cyrillics, diacritics, ligatures, scientific and aesthetic variants, swashes, and other bells & whistles. It excels in informational and magazine design, corporate identity and branding, but it’s very well suited for book covers, catalogues and posters as well. When choosing a name for this typeface I've been staring out from my studio window, thinking helplessly without any idea in sight. Suddenly I realised that all I can see is a spectacular alley of oaks (Quercus in Latin) surrounding my house. These oaks were planted by the builders of local ponds under the leadership of Jakub Krčín in the fifteenth century.

Quercus is characterised by open, yet a little bit condensed drawing with sufficient spacing so that the neighbouring letters never touch. It has eight interpolated weights with respective italics. Their fine gradation allows to find an exact valeur for any kind of design, especially on the web. Quercus serif styles took inspiration from classicistic typefaces with vertical shadows, ball terminals and thin serifs. The italics have the same width proportion as upright styles. This “modern” attitude is applied to both families and calls for use on the same page, e g in dictionaries and cultural programmes. Serif styles marked by “10” are dedicated to textual point sizes and long reading. The sans-serif principle is rather minimalistic, with subtle shadows and thinned joints between curved shapes and stems. Quercus family comprises of the usual functionality such as Small Caps, Cyrillics, diacritics, ligatures, scientific and aesthetic variants, swashes, and other bells & whistles. It excels in informational and magazine design, corporate identity and branding, but it’s very well suited for book covers, catalogues and posters as well. When choosing a name for this typeface I've been staring out from my studio window, thinking helplessly without any idea in sight. Suddenly I realised that all I can see is a spectacular alley of oaks (Quercus in Latin) surrounding my house. These oaks were planted by the builders of local ponds under the leadership of Jakub Krčín in the fifteenth century.

Quercus is characterised by open, yet a little bit condensed drawing with sufficient spacing so that the neighbouring letters never touch. It has eight interpolated weights with respective italics. Their fine gradation allows to find an exact valeur for any kind of design, especially on the web. Quercus serif styles took inspiration from classicistic typefaces with vertical shadows, ball terminals and thin serifs. The italics have the same width proportion as upright styles. This “modern” attitude is applied to both families and calls for use on the same page, e g in dictionaries and cultural programmes. Serif styles marked by “10” are dedicated to textual point sizes and long reading. The sans-serif principle is rather minimalistic, with subtle shadows and thinned joints between curved shapes and stems. Quercus family comprises of the usual functionality such as Small Caps, Cyrillics, diacritics, ligatures, scientific and aesthetic variants, swashes, and other bells & whistles. It excels in informational and magazine design, corporate identity and branding, but it’s very well suited for book covers, catalogues and posters as well. When choosing a name for this typeface I've been staring out from my studio window, thinking helplessly without any idea in sight. Suddenly I realised that all I can see is a spectacular alley of oaks (Quercus in Latin) surrounding my house. These oaks were planted by the builders of local ponds under the leadership of Jakub Krčín in the fifteenth century.

“Quercus” is characterised by open, yet a little bit condensed drawing with sufficient spacing so that the neighbouring letters never touch. It has eight interpolated weights with respective italics. Their fine gradation allows to find an exact valeur for any kind of design, especially on the web. Quercus serif styles took inspiration from classicistic typefaces with vertical shadows, ball terminals and thin serifs. The italics have the same width proportion as upright styles. This “modern” attitude is applied to both families and calls for use on the same page, e g in dictionaries and cultural programmes. Serif styles marked by “10” are dedicated to textual point sizes and long reading. The sans-serif principle is rather minimalistic, with subtle shadows and thinned joints between curved shapes and stems. Quercus family comprises of the usual functionality such as Small Caps, Cyrillics, diacritics, ligatures, scientific and aesthetic variants, swashes, and other bells & whistles. It excels in informational and magazine design, corporate identity and branding, but it’s very well suited for book covers, catalogues and posters as well. When choosing a name for this typeface I've been staring out from my studio window, thinking helplessly without any idea in sight. Suddenly I realised that all I can see is a spectacular alley of oaks (Quercus in Latin) surrounding my house. These oaks were planted by the builders of local ponds under the leadership of Jakub Krčín in the fifteenth century.

Elizabethan is part of the fonts designed by Ted Staunton for his historic novel centered around a family bible and the handwritten annotation through seven generations. The Elizabethan font is based on a style known as “secretary hand” circa 1610.

Like many of Jim Parkinson's alphabets, Pueblo began as poster lettering. It shows a range of influences: turn-of-the-century sign painting, old Speedball lettering books, and a touch of art nouveau. While developing Pueblo, Parkinson debated whether to make the ends of the serifs rounded or square. Rounded looked more like the work of a Speedball lettering pen, but squared stroke endings made the letters more legible at small sizes. The finished design sports serifs that are just slightly rounded. According to Parkinson, the design feature is “enough to be noticed at large sizes, while going virtually unnoticed at smaller point sizes,” adding to the versatility of this distinctive typeface.

Mesquite is a narrow Tuscan-style typeface designed at Adobe in 1990. Like older Tuscans from the 19th Century, Mesquite has elaborate, creative serif treatments-although the serifs are so unique that it is difficult to call them serifs anymore, they are more like pointy finials. A convex-concave-convex ornamental feature appears on the middle of each vertical and diagonal stroke. Together with the serifs" at the tops and bottoms of each stroke, this feature creates a "tri-band" pattern over text set in Mesquite. Mesquite is not a text face. Aside from its narrowness and decorative qualities, Mesquite has no lowercase. The font's uppercase glyphs have been directly copied and placed in the lowercase range."

Modeled on the writings chiseled in stone in the second century B.C., Syntax™ Lapidar is an energetic, spirited typeface designed by Hans Eduard Meier in 2000. Linotype Syntax Lapidar Text and Linotype Syntax Lapidar Serif Text have five weights each, with both cap and lowercase letterforms. Lapidar Display and Lapidar Serif Display also have five weights each, with mostly all cap letterforms and many alternates. It's a terrifically fun and inventive family, and if you look closely, you can see the resemblance to the more modern and restrained Syntax™ relatives. Great for menus, artist books, travelogues, or advertising - and if used very sparingly, it could add just the right element of lapidary significance to corporate documents.

Little Cecily was designed on the base of a Russian calligraphy sample book for primary schools “Propisi pryamogo pis’ma” (Moscow, 1914). Such kind of scripts were implemented in school programs at the end of 19th-beginning of 20th century. There was an opinion that the straight writing is easier for learning and better for children from a medical point of view. The letterforms of the typeface are characterized by simplified constructions and upright design which distinguishes it from the list of typical school scripts and convey to it a naive charm and originality. The character set covers standard Western and Cyrillic code pages and it includes alternative letters and contextual forms for connected writing.

Cut by Monotype between 1900 and 1902, the Monotype Modern font family was based on Miller & Richards News 23 and 28; slightly condensed news text types of the 1890s. Monotype Modern is a lively typeface, with long, fine hairlines and well rounded letterforms, representing the best of nineteenth century modern face design. A classic text face, and typical of the moderns that were produced in the United Kingdom at that time, being less extreme in its rendering than some of the models of purer form being produced elsewhere. Monotype Modern is an excellent text face for magazines, newspapers and books, the heavier and more condensed versions are useful in headlines and display.

La tipografía Castelan Hispane es una tipografía inspirada en documentos y textos antiguos históricos españoles del siglo XVI. Los trazos semi-medievales - cursivos, le dan una apariencia antigua pero también moderna para los proyectos en los que se desee utilizar la tipografía. Cuenta con seis estilos y tres pesos, ligera, regular y negrita. Cada peso contiene también su forma “itálica”. The Castelan Hispane typeface is a typeface inspired by ancient Spanish historical documents and texts from the 16th century. The semi-medieval - cursive strokes give it an ancient but also modern appearance for projects in which you want to use typography. It has six styles and three weights, light, regular and bold. Each weight also contains its “italic” form.

The first sans serif types were made in London in the early 19th century. They were severely modern, all caps and bold. The Figgins foundry, inventor of the term sans serif, showed a ?ne example in its specimen of 1836. The extra bold weight of Figgins Sans is a close revival of the original, with the addition of a lower case which retains its partly geometric, partly grotesque quality. The family is rounded out with other weights and an italic, and extended into Cyrillic and Greek, all executed in what is assumed to be as authentic a manner as possible, given the hypothetical nature of the exercise. Together with Scotch Modern, comprises The Modern Suite of matched fonts.

The mystic sadness of the sight Of a far town seen in the night. Like the poetry movement of the early 20th century, from which the font takes its name, Imagist relies on the power of concrete images and brings an organic vibration to the words it forms. Imagist is a lively and decorative serif typeface with prominent features that appear especially in the letters K, R, M, N, W, V, k, w, v and y. Powerful ball terminals also bring recognizable attraction. Imagist contains six weights and corresponding Italics. Italics have a cursive-style letter s for as Stylistic Alternate. Old Style Numerals and Small Caps can be found in all cuts. Poem by T. E. Hulme.

Old Kharkiv was inspired by the first half of the 20th century photo with a signage on the building of the Ivan Kotlyarevsky Kharkiv National University of Arts. During the development, the font has acquired unique features not from the original signage, for example, drops in uppercase were replaced with sharp serifs. This font contains the letters of all the main European languages, Cyrillic and basic special characters. Some uppercase letters (where allowed their form) have decorative elements (swashes) to use them as drop caps or initials. There are stylistic alternatives for some Ukrainian letters. Also, as a bonus, this font contains up to a dozen graphic elements that you can use in your layout.

StudioSans — is a modern representative of the class of sans-serif fonts inspired by the traditional Swiss design and typography of the mid 20th century. This is a minimal, clean and open font family with friendly forms. Focuses on functionality, has a high x-height and short ascender and descender elements. This is combined with soft circles and high legibility of characters contributing to comfortable reading. The family contains six weights from ExtraLight to ExtraBold. Each of them has in its arsenal more than 450 glyphs and knows more than 50 languages. Support for OpenType Features focused on the Oldstyle Figures (including signs of currencies and interest), Case-Sensitive Forms, Standarts and Discretionary Ligatures, Slashed Zero and Etc.

Rusticana is a part of the 1990 program Type before Gutenberg, which included the work of twelve contemporary font designers and represented styles from across the ages. Linotype offers a package including all these fonts on its web page, www.fonts.de. Rusticana was designed by Adrian Frutiger and appeared with Linotype in 1993. Its historical roots go back to the Roman Capitalis, the all caps engraved writing of ancient Rome which reached its peak in the first century. From this style evolved other Roman forms, and one, Rustica, proved particularly good for text on bronze, as opposed to in stone. The Rusticana of Frutiger has open, seemingly irregular forms which lend a distinctive rhythm to text.

The extra bold version of R. Hunter Middleton's "Karnak" (produced in 1936 for Ludlow) served as the model for Bookkeeping JNL and is a companion to Bookkeeper JNL (the light weight version of this type design). Middleton based his "Karnak" family of typefaces on the geometric slab-serif "Memphis", which was designed in 1929 by Dr. Rudolf Wolf and released originally by the Stempel Type Foundry of Germany. According to Wikipedia, "Karnak" "was named after the Karnak Temple Complex in Egypt, in reference to the fact that early slab serifs were often called 'Egyptians' as an exoticism by nineteenth-century type founders." Bookkeeping JNL is available in both regular and oblique versions.

This is not an historically accurate font but rather one intended capture the spirit of ancient Roman manual type. It was inspired by various patterns used in documents and books created by Latin scribes between the second and fourth centuries. They used either calamus and ink on papyrus, or a pointed metal stick on wax tablets. We have created the font for contemporary use; distinguishing between U and V, I and J, which had no meaning for ancient Latin scribes, and adding thorn, Oslash, Lslash, W, Y and common accented characters that did not exist at the time. A lot of titlings and contextual alternates complete the set. Available only in TTF and OTF format.

This sticky blackletter font owes its street credibility to the texture of torn adhesive tape. Designed to support rehabilitation of the historically tainted Fraktur, its pragmatically shaped majuscules guarantee legibility to a 21st-century readership. They even forgive all-caps usage - a thing you better not try with most blackletter types around. It contains a range of diacritics and ligatures, as well as open type features that substitute alternate glyphs for often repeating characters. With its fine tape strip details you may best use it at poster and headline sizes; at small sizes you interestingly get a nice woodcut appearance. Connoisseurs use it with style, while true blackmetal grimlords curse it for its fashionability!

Modeled on the writings chiseled in stone in the second century B.C., Syntax™ Lapidar is an energetic, spirited typeface designed by Hans Eduard Meier in 2000. Linotype Syntax Lapidar Text and Linotype Syntax Lapidar Serif Text have five weights each, with both cap and lowercase letterforms. Lapidar Display and Lapidar Serif Display also have five weights each, with mostly all cap letterforms and many alternates. It's a terrifically fun and inventive family, and if you look closely, you can see the resemblance to the more modern and restrained Syntax™ relatives. Great for menus, artist books, travelogues, or advertising - and if used very sparingly, it could add just the right element of lapidary significance to corporate documents.

Modeled on the writings chiseled in stone in the second century B.C., Syntax™ Lapidar is an energetic, spirited typeface designed by Hans Eduard Meier in 2000. Linotype Syntax Lapidar Text and Linotype Syntax Lapidar Serif Text have five weights each, with both cap and lowercase letterforms. Lapidar Display and Lapidar Serif Display also have five weights each, with mostly all cap letterforms and many alternates. It's a terrifically fun and inventive family, and if you look closely, you can see the resemblance to the more modern and restrained Syntax™ relatives. Great for menus, artist books, travelogues, or advertising - and if used very sparingly, it could add just the right element of lapidary significance to corporate documents.

Sudtipos is really proud to announce the release of Regional, a solid workhorse type family of 27 styles inspired by the Old Style Bold models from the late XIX century by different type foundries. The unique diagonal in the "R" has been the key that inspired us to create many of the several alternates included in the set. From a delicate and expressive thin condensed to an exaggerated expanded black, Regional merges the past with the present, making it useful for a wide range of designs. We have imagined Regional to be used in magazines, packaging labels and posters. The addition of a complementary one-file variable format is included when you license the complete set.

Arial was designed for Monotype in 1982 by Robin Nicholas and Patricia Saunders. A contemporary sans serif design, Arial contains more humanist characteristics than many of its predecessors and as such is more in tune with the mood of the last decades of the twentieth century. The overall treatment of curves is softer and fuller than in most industrial style sans serif faces. Terminal strokes are cut on the diagonal which helps to give the face a less mechanical appearance. Arial is an extremely versatile family of typefaces which can be used with equal success for text setting in reports, presentations, magazines etc, and for display use in newspapers, advertising and promotions.

Designer Steven Skaggs wanted a versatile uncial typeface that was not simply decorative. Traditionally, a true uncial is a majuscule form, entirely lacking in ascenders and descenders. However, by designing Rieven Uncial, Skaggs found a way to use the true uncial as inspiration but retained a lowercase look and feel. Typically, uncials do not have italic forms but in order for Rieven to be a truly versatile face, it was imperative that it should be accompanied by an italic. The italic form owes much to the historical roots in the letra antigua cursiva of the 15th century humanist masters. Rieven Uncial was awarded a Certificate of Excellence in Type Design in the 2010 TDC2.

Titling Stencil JNL is an extra bold stencil treatment of R. Hunter Middleton’s ‘Karnak’ (produced in 1936 for Ludlow) and is a companion font to both Bookkeeping JNL and Bookkeeper JNL (a lightweight version of the type design). Middleton based his ‘Karnak’ family of typefaces on the geometric slab-serif ‘Memphis’, which was designed in 1929 by Dr. Rudolf Wolf and released originally by the Stempel Type Foundry of Germany. According to Wikipedia, ‘Karnak’ was named after the Karnak Temple Complex in Egypt, in reference to the fact that early slab serifs were often called “Egyptians” as an exoticism by nineteenth-century type founders.” Titling Stencil JNL is available in both regular and oblique versions.

Dexter is an original new typeface creation by Alex Kaczun. It is a warmer, more sophisticated grotesque that is both fun and interesting. Its tight letter spacing and narrow proportions make the typeface particularly well suited for display sizes and headlines. This intriguing sans with distinctive letter shapes is typical for display fonts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Dexter is ideal for titles and headlines looking for impact and style. Dexter is also an excellent choice for magazines, books, posters, brochures, flyers, etc. The large Pro font character set, which supports most Central European and many Eastern European languages, also includes a corresponding small caps font along with old style figures.

The vintage typeface returns with the Caniste typeface family. My passion for something with a vintage aesthetic is one reason I created Caniste. Inspired by antique ephemera such as cigar box labels that were common in the 19th century, it harkens back to the beauty of typographic design at that time. The Caniste font family is an all-caps serif font with uppercase titling. It comes in 6 weights: Extra Light, Light, Regular, Semibold, Bold, and Ultra Bold. It also has very user-friendly Extras, such as scrolls, ornaments, and panels, and allows you to create beautiful ornamentation to suit your needs. I hope you enjoy using the Caniste fonts. Thank you!

MB Vinatage is a 6 weight font family with italics that has its roots based firmly in the type and font design of the early 20th Century. With some art deco touches in the standard caps like the N and the low bars on the E, F & H, by using the stylistic alternates these can be changed to give the font a more contemporary look. The same applies to the lower case letters, with an alternate a and g and a stylistic lowercase t. The family works great as a display font using the thin and heavy weights and just as well for smaller & bulk text. Stay traditional or go contemporary or mix it up.

Sequel 100 Black is a neogrotesque font family for forceful headlines, confident titles, and striking posters. An extension of Sequel Sans and primarily designed for display use, it has wider proportions than the original typeface. It also sports a larger x-height that allows for maximum impact on the page. And Sequel 100 Black ain’t no lightweight: it’s the boldest member of the Sequel superfamily, with weights starting at 45 (a sturdy medium style) and going all the way up to an ultra-black 115. Use Sequel 100 Black whenever you want to combine a touch of cool mid-century modernism with the scintillating tension of maximum ink use and minimal whitespace.

The Bitstream version of Caslon Bold of the American Type Founders, 1905. Based on William Caslon I’s first English Old Style typefaces of 1725. Caslon modeled his designs based on late 17th century Dutch types, but his artistic skills enabled him to improve those models, bringing a variety of forms and subtlety of details. Strokes in Caslon fonts are somewhat heavier than in earlier Old Style fonts, serifs are thicker and a bit stubby. Italic letters have uneven slope. A text set in Caslon looks legible and aesthetically appealing. Caslon is a favorite font of English printers for setting of classical literature. Cyrillic version was developed for ParaType in 2002 by Isay Slutsker and Manvel Shmavonyan.

Kairos is equal parts traditional and digital. Inspired by 19th century wood type fonts called Grecians, it’s an octagonal slab serif at its core. The serif detailing makes it radiate in headlines, with the square serifs driving its performance in text. The 51 weights and widths—all with small caps—offer a flexible and usable contemporary palette of styles perfect for branding, advertising and packaging. Kairos is stout, but has energy. It often looks athletic, industrial, and stern, while the subtle rounded features can also give it a gentlemanly and gracious demeanor. Kairos Variables are font files which are featuring two axis and have a preset instance from Thin to Black and Condensed to Extended.

Cut by Monotype between 1900 and 1902, the Monotype Modern font family was based on Miller & Richards News 23 and 28; slightly condensed news text types of the 1890s. Monotype Modern is a lively typeface, with long, fine hairlines and well rounded letterforms, representing the best of nineteenth century modern face design. A classic text face, and typical of the moderns that were produced in the United Kingdom at that time, being less extreme in its rendering than some of the models of purer form being produced elsewhere. Monotype Modern is an excellent text face for magazines, newspapers and books, the heavier and more condensed versions are useful in headlines and display.

Falstaff first appeared with Monotype in 1931, an alphabet in the style of a wide, bold antiqua that was especially popular in the first third of the 19th century. Such typefaces distinguished themselves through their consistent basis in the transitional antiqua style. They are characterized by their extremely fine unflexed serifs with no curve connecting them to the thick strokes. The numerals with their generous curves and ball-like stroke endings and beginnings are particularly decorative. The vertical strokes are dominant and give lines of this typeface a column-like and therefore static look. Falstaff is today often used for book titling, especially for mystery novels. It is best used sparingly in middle and larger point sizes.

Gilway is a playful, rounded display with tons of personality. This versatile typeface is inspired by the earliest examples of rounded types from the 19th century, such as Caslon Rounded (1836) and Schmale Runde Grotesk (1885). Gilway has a distinctive hand-lettered feel because of its subtle variances, which make it powerful and impactful yet incredibly friendly. Layered options allow you to combine the various styles, and a unique Opentype feature makes your letters dance! To take full advantage of Gilway's features, please download this one-sheet pdf file. Please take a look at this video demo to see Gilway family in action ! Gilway’s design is suited for a wide range of uses, including headlines, displays, packaging and logotypes.

Hargalia is a beautiful cursive display typeface. Inspired by classic cursive calligraphy from Carolingian Renaissance era (about 8th century) which in that era, the alphabet letterform was perfected for the first time with many curvy strokes with a flat brush. Hargalia is designed with penmanship and carefully digitized with many swashes included. Hargalia is designed for headlines and short body texts. The natural strokes with calligraphic feel that highly recommended for fashion, branding, magazine, editorial, logotype, packaging, historical quotes, and more. This font is PUA Encoded with 430 glyphs in total! Worth every penny! Features included: Uppercase Lowercase Numbers Symbols Punctuation Stylistic alternates Contextual alternates Swashes Ligatures Stylistic set 001 - 003 Best regards, Ramz.

Nero is built on the Nero framework, our popular family of geometric types. Like the sans-serif Nero letterform, it has two contemporary look and feel styles. Echoing late 20th-century modernism, the Rounded's overall look is clean and sleek, more ephemeral and dynamic than pared-down bourgeois asceticism. Nero's place in font history is a complex one. Praised for their readability and also at the same time their fashionable qualities, they look very modern and nostalgic, easy to read and very stylish, authoritative and fun. Nero and Nero Rounded when combined, offer 2 styles to suit all text types and sizes. Both are excellent for short texts that require a sense of urgency or playfulness.