Silian Rail is a high quality serif typeface. A professional uppercase font, this intellectual font has a distinct personality while being strict and controlled. Drawn and created by Mans Greback in 2022, the Silian Rail family consists in 16 high-quality styles, complimenting each other. Among them, Light, Regular, Bold, Black, Italic, Sharp and several combinations. The font is built with advanced OpenType functionality and has a guaranteed top-notch quality, containing stylistic and contextual alternates, ligatures and more features; all to give you full control and customizability. It has extensive lingual support, covering all Latin-based languages, from Northern Europe to South Africa, from American to South-East Asian. It contains all characters and symbols you'll ever need, including all punctuation and numbers.

Secsignature series is a elegant and a smooth casual monoline signature stylish script. Yasmin Signature series is perfect for branding projects, logo, wedding designs, social media posts, advertisements, product packaging, product designs, label, photography, watermark, invitation, stationery and any projects that need handwriting taste.

The "Ma" in "Ma Braille" is used as a minimalist way to say "Negative Space". "Ma" in japanese arts is an "esthetical usage of emptiness". Thus this font explicits the negative space around visible braille dots in each glyph. A. Font user guide a.1. Lowercase glyphs { A..Z } In these glyphs, dots are represented as "black squares" while the negative space is displayed as 1 or 2 white filled polygons. a.2. Uppercase glyphs { a..z } In these glyphs, dots are represented as "white squares" while the negative space is displayed as 1 or 2 black filled polygons. a.3. Digits: they are just the same than a..j, but the "North US version" is also provided in ascii codes 0xE0..0xE4 (1..5) and 0xE7..0xEB (6..0). a.5. "Dashed Border": a.5.1. "Black dashed" border glyphs; { £, ¥, µ, Â, Ä, Ê, Ë, Î, Ï, Ô } a.5.2. "White dashed" border glyphs; { Ö, Õ, °, ô, ö, î, ï, û, u, õ } B. Posters Poster 1: "Font Logo" version 1, it displays "Ma Braille" text surrounded by the "black dashed border" glyphs. Poster 2: "Font Logo" version 2, it displays "MA" glyphs in big size and smaller "Braille" glyphs within "M" and within "A" as well. Poster 3: the classical pangram to test a font "The Quick Brown Fox jumps over the Lazy dog". Poster 4: Article 1 of the Human Rights: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Poster 5: the "Glyph set" (Border glyphs not included) with A..Z, a..z, digits and special characters.

Presentation QuarterBraille (Abbreviated as "QB" thereafter) is a decorative, steganographic and lattice font. Its core design concept is that Braille dots are represented as "quarters of a square"[1]. This is illustrated by posters 1 and 2 (NB: these glyph parts will be called "QB dots" thereafter). The other glyph parts (see poster 3) are purely decorative and meaningless in terms of Braille dots encoding[2]. All glyph parts are meant to generate a wide variety of patterns from horizontal and vertical combinations of glyphs. There is also a graphic convention to differentiate uppercase from lowercase letters with the presence or absence of shape subparts (in the "endings", "quarter of a circle with a ring" and "quarter of a diamond with a small square in the middle") like shown by poster 4. This font is suitable for very short texts (e.g. logos, acronyms, quotes, ambigrams, pangrams, palindromes, etc...) but on the other hand it may be used for steganographic purpose like geocaching as well as fictive alphabets (e.g. Alien/SciFi/Fantasy/Antique civilizations). Posters 1. Font Logo: the displayed text is " Quarter " followed by " Braille". There's a rainbow layer above the text to highlight the "QB dots", this is achieved by A..Z glyphs with "only QB dots" (codes 230..255) 2. Anatomy of a Glyph (L) and "QB Dots" (quarters of a square) 3. Glyphs Parts: Square and Cross (Inverted square), Circle and Inverted Circle (with or without the small circle in the middle), Diamond (with or without the small square in the middle), Inverted Square and Circle, Shape combos, Ending 4. Uppercase vs Lowercase (tiny shape subparts are shown in red) 5. Sample 1: Bathroom sink with QB tiles on the credence 6. Sample 2: Hands knuckle tatoos: "LOVE/HATE"[4] 7. Sample 3: Poker Hand: pocket Aces. It's an Ace of Hearts (Ah) on the left and an Ace of Spades (As) on the right. Like in regular cards, the card value (e.g. Ah) is displayed twice: at the top and rotated by 180 degrees at the bottom. This poster also illustrates that QB could be used to print embossed playing cards with tactile and visual display of card values. 8. Sample 4: Pangram: "Adept quick jog over frozen blue whisky mix" 9. Sample 5: Latin Magic Square: "SATOR AREPO TENET OPERA ROTAS" (NB: for compensation of the 2/3 glyph ratio, letters on each line are separated by a space: "S A T O R", ...). 10. Sample 6: Quote of Mahatma Gandhi: "Learn as if you will live forever, live like you will die tomorrow.". This is also a demonstration of border glyphs combinations. 11. Sample 7: Steganography use case: the text is a sequence of 64 aminoacids (1 Letter notation), this protein was described in a research paper "The complete Aminoacid sequence of an amyloid fibril protein AA of unusual size (64 residues) 1975". 12. Sample 8: Border Glyphs with the provided styles and mixed styles. The words are the same than in poster 9 ("SATOR AREPO TENET OPERA ROTAS"). Despite the 2/3 glyph ratio, the "TENET cross" was achieved by both inserting spaces in horizontally ("T ENE T") and by using the "thin borders glyphs". Notes a. Border glyphs[3] are meant to enhance the esthetics of text samples displayed with QB b. Special characters (e.g. *$()[].,;:&@# ...) are provided and follow the NABCC (North American Braille Computer Code) convention. c. A..Z Glyphs with only the "QB dots" are provided as demonstrated by posters 1 and 2 (A/N: this was very useful to create them). d. Glyph Map: 32..64: Special characters - 161..187: "Thin variant" of Border glyphs, 192..229: Border glyphs, 230..255: A..Z with only the "QB dots" - Codes 176 an 181 are "regular SPACE" (empty glyph). Footnotes 1. There is indeed two shapes which represent the braille dot: the "quarter of a square" and the "quarter of a cross". It's because a cross may be considered as an "inverted square" because the square corners are merged in the center. 2. That's why the SPACE glyph is only made of decorative/meaningless glyph parts (i.e. no "QB dots"). 3. For other fonts with border glyphs, please take a look at my other "decorative Braille fonts" (GoBraille, HexBraille, KernigBraille, StackBraille, MaBraille, DiamondBraille, LorraineBraille). 4. LOVE/HATE knuckle tatoos are inspired by the anthology scene from "The Night of the Hunter" movie (Charles Laughton 1955), it also appearead in "Do The Right Thing" movie (Spike Lee 1989). Disclaimer This font is not appropriate and not meant to print text documents in Braille for the blind readers audience.

The purpose of this monospace font is to display braille in an original although rather steganographic way. Its glyphs are built from a flat hexagon which can be read as 3 rows of 2 vertices (i.e. regular braille glyph grid). The initial design is illustrated by glyphs 'ç' (no dot) and 'û' (6 dots) as shown by poster 5. Glyphs are connected to each other, thus 6 connections for each hexagon (2 on left/right and 4 on top/bottom). In the final design many diagonal segments of the hexagon were removed for esthetical reason. Text is displayed not as a honeycomb but as a lattice instead which mixes hexagons, squares and "irregular convex octagons" (mostly unclosed), the design favored squares over octagons. The whole slightly resembling a PCB. Text can be framed with 3 sets of Frame glyphs (as shown in Poster 4): Octagonal: { €, °, £, µ, §, ¥, ~, ¢ } which can be mixed with Rectangular High Rectangular Low: { è, é, ê, ï, î, à, â, ä } Rectangular High: { Â, ù, Ä, Ê, Ë, ô, õ, ë } which can be mixed with Octagonal NB: When using Frame glyphs, it is advised to show Pilcrow (¶) and Non Breaking Space, which are replaced by empty shapes (e.g. in Microsoft Word, use CTRL+8 or use [¶] button in the ribbon).

This is a decorative and steganographic Braille font based on Lorraine Cross pattern. As the Lorraine cross splits space into six areas, it may be used to represent Braille glyphs. Provided Glyphs * Lowercase letters (a..z): a White cross and Black square dots * Uppercasecase letters (A..Z): a Black cross and White square dots * Special characters (e.g. !#$%*+<>{}()[]...) * Decorative glyphs (provided in black and white as well) Glyph code intervals - Codes 48..57: Bullets (0..9 digits) - Codes 130..150: 'White Stars' - Codes 192..233: 'Black Stars', Black border glyphs and other black patterns. - Codes 214..233: Border/Decorative glyphs (Black) - Codes 235..255: Border/Decorative glyphs (White) - Codes for Cross w/o dots: Black (192), White (235) - Codes for Cross and 6 dots: Black (191), White (234) - Code for 'Half-width space' (166) Posters 1. Logo: illustrates usage of border glyphs 2. Meta: Two big Lorraine Braille glyphs drawn with pattern glyphs 3. Stars: illustrates usage of 'Star' and pattern glyphs 4. Bullets: illustrates usage of bullet glyphs (0..9) 5. Human rights - Article 1 NB: - Encoding is: Windows Latin ("ANSI") - Published in two versions: Commercial and Free for personal use

Here is a "Decorative Braille font". The initial design was indeed drawn on a K.I.S.S digital sketchpad, the Windows default drawing tool (Microsoft Paint, classic version). A. Glyph Concept The Braille 2x3 dot matrix is weaved around a diamond-shape. a.1. Each "dot" is represented by a "right-angle isocel triangle". a.2. Braille dots in Diamond Braille a.2.I. "Dots" are outside the diamond for first Braille row (Braille dots 1, 4) and third Braille row (Braille dots 3, 6). a.2.II. "Dots" are inside the diamond for second Braillle row (Braille dots 2, 5). a.3. Diamond lattice Glyphs are connected horizontally (to/bottom diamond's corners) and vertically (left/right corners) to each other (see poster 5). a.4. Special Glyphs - Space: its is either empty ("Empty cell") or a "non Braille shape" { _, ° } depending on your display needs (as explained in b.3.II) - 6 dots: { £, =, û } - 6 empty dots: { ç, ¥ } B. Font user guide b.1. Lowercase glyphs { A..Z } In these glyphs the "dots" are represented as a white right-angle isocel triangle filled with a smaller black triangle. b.2. Uppercase glyphs { a..z } In these glyphs, the "dots" are represented as an empty triangle (this is an "empty dot"). b.3. 'Space' vs 'Empty Cell' b.3.I. 'Space' - 'Space' glyph is an empty shape - '¶' glyph (at the end of each line in Microsoft Word) is also an empty shape b.3.II. 'Empty cell' glyphs: _ (underscore), ° (degree). In these glyphs there are 2 "empty dots" at top and bottom corners of the diamond, which differentiates them from regular Braille glyphs (which dont have a "dot in the middle"). b.4. Diamond Lattice To display text as a 'diamond lattice', replace each 'Space' by an 'Empty cell' (as explained in b.3.II, see poster 5) b.5. Connectors The connector glyphs allow the creation of "circuit like" designs (see poster 1). Here are the connector glyphs: { µ, à, â, ä, ã, è, é, ê, ë, î, ï } b.6. Domino feature Some Glyphs represent numbers 1..6 in a way which is similar than on dominos (see poster 6) C. Posters Poster 1: the "Font Logo", it displays "Diamond Braille" text together with the Connectors feature. Poster 2: a pangram which is published on pangra.me ( "Adept quick jog over frozen blue whisky mix" ). Poster 3: an illustration of the Domino feature. Poster 4: a DiamondBraille version of the Periodic table. Poster 5: illustration of the Diamond lattice using only 6 dots ( û ) and 6 empty dots ( ç ) glyphs.

This font can be used as a play'n learn tool to teach the meaning of these modern day communication symbols. Each alphabetical character can be printed with or without the corresponding roman symbols. NOTE: comes with an interpretation guide in pdf format.

This is a monospace font for the Braille alphabet. The idea came while exploring new ways to display the regular braille glyph ( 3 rows of 2 dots ). The glyph design is inspired by "stackable multiple board" games like the famous Vulcan chess (from Star Trek series) and the Qubic (3D tic-tac-toe). The stack is made from 3 levels, each level is a 3x3 grid with 2 "playable" cells (South-West and North-East). Each cell can be either empty, filled by a white square token or a black square token. The 3D effect is obtained by means of the classic isometric perspective. Lowercase letters use black tokens, while uppercase letters use white tokens. Most special characters (e.g. digits, *$#@, []{}() etc.. ) are also provided for special usages like program source code (see poster 5).

A Braille font designed with the look of the Go Game. Lowercase glyphs use black stones while uppercase use white stones. To make the text more like within a Goban, Corner and border glyphs are provided. Also the font allows a "new kind of ASCII Art" by providing the missing glyphs (black stones) which enable this usage (see "drawille" project on Github).

This font is the younger sister of HexBraille with which it may be combined to create new patterns. This also explains why their introductory text are similar. Introduction The purpose of this monospace font is to display braille in an original and "steganographic" way. The Kernig prefix means "Robust" in German, this is because of the crank shapes . The core of the glyph design is a flat hexagon which can be read as 3 rows of 2 dots (i.e. regular braille glyph grid). Even if within a glyph, braille dots ("square dots" indeed) are placed on the vertices of a flat hexagon, the difference with HexBraille is that edges connecting vertices are not straight lines but "crank shapes" instead. This can be summarized by saying that the whole glyph is a Hexcrank (a flat hexagon where vertice pairs are connected by a crank shape) NB: The initial design is illustrated by glyphs 'ç' (no dot) and 'û' (6 dots) as shown by poster 6. A. "Kernig Lattice" In KernigBraille, glyphs are connected to each other, thus for each Hexcrank glyph there are 6 connections: 2 on left/right and 4 on top/bottom. In the final design some cranks were removed for esthetical reason (i.e. leave empty space for allowing patterns diversity). In summary, a text using this font won't display a honeycomb but a lattice instead. NB: Please notice that in order to obtain the lattice without vertical gaps, you must set the interline to 0. The lattice is made from 3 kind of shapes: a.1. Hexcrank a.2. Square a.3. Irregular cross (mostly unclosed) The design favored squares over crosses. The whole slightly resembling a PCB. B. Text Frames It's possible to frame the text with 4 sets of frame glyphs (as illustrated by poster 2) b.1. Kernig { € ° £ µ § ¥ ~ ¢ } b.2. Rectangular-High { è é ê ï î à â ä } b.3. Rectangular-Low { Â ù Ä Ê Ë Ô õ ö } b.4. Mixed Kernig+High: a mix of Kernig and Rectangular-High frame glyphs When using frame glyphs, it is advised to show Pilcrow (¶) and Non Breaking Space, which are replaced by empty shapes in this font (e.g. in Microsoft Word, use CTRL+8 or use [¶] button in the ribbon).

Silian Calligraphy is a sharp serif typeface. With classy letterforms and an organic appearance, this calligraphic lettering has a proper look, yet a vivid personality. Use [ ] { } for decorative elements. Example: [Silian Calligraphy] The Silian Calligraphy typeface family consists of eight high-quality styles: Light, Regular, Bold and Black, and each style as Italic. The font is built with advanced OpenType functionality and has a guaranteed top-notch quality, containing stylistic and contextual alternates, ligatures and more features; all to give you full control and customizability. It has extensive lingual support, covering all Latin-based languages, from North Europe to South Africa, from America to South-East Asia. It contains all characters and symbols you'll ever need, including all punctuation and numbers.

Barila is a fun hand written font that is perfect for projects like games, apps, books, holiday cards, and nursery art projects. It is very readable while keeping it's fun and whimsical personality. Multilingual characters are included for international customers as well.

Introducing the new Sans Serif Font Family with 13 Weight and 5 Width variables. This font is available in two separate font types for your convenience to find the desired variant, Regular Variable and Italic Variable. Choose a font according to your needs to create Magazines, Brochures, Posters, Articles, Books, Logos or other Templates.

Brillo Typeface stems from the effort of combining the modern look of a grotesque sans serif font with the elegance of the calligraphic copperplate's swashes. The result is a typeface that is perfectly suitable for modern graphic applications, such as publishing, branding and web, but which has some ornamental features that differentiate it from all the other grotesque families. Brillo doesn't want to be a neutral typeface. It's a font with a strong personality, which can give outstanding aesthetic and conceptual relevance to the graphic projects which will be used in. Brillo is a typeface thought for titling rather than for texts. For this reason it works better with character sizes bigger than 16 points.

Baille Simpson is a dry brush typeface with natural hand writing feel and feminine look. This font is perfectly made to be applied especially in logos, and the other various formal forms such as invitations, labels, magazines, books, greeting / wedding cards, packaging, fashion, make up, stationery, novels, labels or any type of advertising purpose. Features : uppercase & lowercase numbers and punctuation Ligatures and alternates multilingual support PUA encoded We highly recommend using a program that supports OpenType features and Glyphs panels like many of Adobe apps and Corel Draw, so you can see and access all Glyph variations. Email us to letterhend@gmail.com if you need something! Happy Designing!

Introducing a new layered bold script called Brayles. It is inspired by hand-lettering, bold script logotype and kids fonts. Brayles comes with OpenType features such stylistic alternates, contextual alternates, swash, ligatures good for logotype, poster, badge, book cover, t-shirt design, packaging and any more.

Maille is a bold display font powered by OpenType, featuring contextual alternates, beautiful ligatures and stylistic sets with just a hint of retro feel. Maille comes with a set of 720+ glyphs and can cover a wide range of projects from branding to advertising, stationery, headers, quotes and so much more. OpenType features include stylistic alternates with lovely swashes, initial and terminal forms and contextual alternates to enhance your text and create beautiful designs. It also includes 139+ standard and discretionary ligatures with multilingual support. The OpenType features can be easily accessed by using an OpenType capable software such as Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop or InDesign. Maille supports multilingual characters for western, central and south-east European languages.

Brilk is a condensed Sans-serif typeface made up of 40 fonts across 10 weights with normal and Sans-serif options. It’s a unique and modern sans typeface, which is well suited for a variety of typographic applications such as headlines and small texts. The Brilk font family supports multiple languages and is available as both webfont and desktop font.

Café Brasil is a font designed to represent coffee, especially for use in packaging, brand titles, logos and menus. Based on the shape of a coffee bean, Café Brasil has delicate details and ligatures that represent the liquid, foam and steam of a good cup of coffee. In March 2014, Café Brasil was chosen to be part of the main exhibition at the “Tipos Latinos 2014”.

Brainly Script is the font of choice for writing things that go beyond words. This font type is designed with high detail to deliver stylish elegance. So, it can be said, the character of the change is very beautiful, a kind of classical decorative copper script. Brainly Script presents alternative variants of most letters, binders, and many calligraphy tips, ideal for elegant labels, high-end packaging, personal stationery, and compositions for certain brands, beautiful titling, verses, letters and short texts, which are intended to be read only with the eyes or intended to whisper into someone's ear. Brainly Script has 792+ glyphs and 534 alternative characters, including various language support. With the OpenType feature with an alternative style and elegant binder. The OpenType feature does not function automatically, but you can access it manually and for the best results needed for your creativity in combining these Glyph variations. And also a touch of ornament makes this font look elegant. To enable the OpenType Stylistic alternates, you need a program that supports OpenType features such as Adobe Illustrator CS, Adobe Indesign & CorelDraw X6-X7, Microsoft Word 2010 or later versions. (Windows), Font Book (Mac) or a software program such as PopChar (for Windows and Mac). How to access all alternative characters using Adobe Illustrator: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzwjMkbB-wQ How to use stylistic sets fonts in Microsoft Word 2010 or later versions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVJlZQ3EZU0 There are additional ways to access alternates / swashes, using the Character Map (Windows), Nexus Font (Windows) Font Book (Mac) or a software program such as PopChar (for Windows and Mac). How to access all the alternative characters, using the Windows Character Map with Photoshop: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Go9vacoYmBw If you need help or advice, please contact me by e-mail "maximal.fonts@gmail.com" Thank you for watching!

Bramble is a lively organic font that draws reference from Roman characters rather than Italic forms. Use Regular for small point-size setting to retain legibility. For invigorating display settings try combining Regular and Wild. Warning: you may become attached to Bramble!

Are you looking for a display font? Do you dream of creating headings that stand out and inspire creativity, imagination, and endless fun? Wait no more, we will give you the best choice. Railing-A Display Font Railing is a gorgeous font, designed with a modern vibe. This font is perfect for anything simple and direct. Every stroke and curve was created to entice happiness and elegance. A real head-turner for your presentation, designs, branding, quotes, invitation, website illustrations, and much more. Our font always includes Multilingual Support to make your branding reach a global audience. Inspire your audience, clients, or guests with this beautiful, statement font. Features: Alternates PUA Encoded Numerals and Punctuation Thank you for downloading premium fonts from Natha Studio

RILLE is a family Sans Serif font designed with carefully handcrafted, this font is a tall and skinny font perfect for your home decor and craft designs RILLE inspired by vintage poster design, RILLE is a vintage font that is perfect for story books, illustrations, comic books, t-shirts, posters, greeting cards, logos, branding, stickers, svg, crafting and all for display purposes. The alternative characters were divided into several Open Type features such as Swash, Stylistic Sets, Stylistic Alternates, Contextual Alternates, and Ligature. The Open Type features can be accessed by using Open Type savvy programs such as Adobe Illustrator, Adobe InDesign, Adobe Photoshop Corel Draw X version, And Microsoft Word. This font is also support multi language.

According to the market demand, fonts tend to be unique fonts, so I decided to make a unique display serif font that is in your view. The Brays font is a font with many ligatures that is very unique and sought after, comes with a stylish style to become a market favorite. We keep this font looking elegant, classy, ​​easy to read, stylish, attractive and easy to use. Brays Font is a great choice for beauty brands, magazines, travel, newspapers, books, brand names, branding, branding, quotes, album covers, and other projects. The Brays font is here to take the quality of your designs to a higher level. Brays Font is my Twenty ninth Font created in 2022 The Brays font style will make you love designing and taking advantage of the cool design results for this font. Continue to follow us for updates on making further fonts :) Font Features: • All capital letters • Stylistic ligatures • Stylistic alternate • Multilingual Support • Numeral and punctuation

Rail grandeur precision & leverage Rail type family is a tough conveyance mechanism for large and lengthy information packages. It offers great reading comfort and avoids unnecessary friction. The precise construction of this slab serif signals greater legibility and capacity. Rail is designed to provide reading enjoyment. It’s suitable for complex typography projects like magazines and annual reports. The typeface’s x-height is approximately 68% of its capitals. The italics are constructed at a 11° angle.

Rails is an experimental, retro, outline display typeface designed by Superfried. Rails is available in four styles: display, broken, solid and solid broken. As the name suggests they are constructed from parallel tracks with the broken versions featuring distinct breaks for added impact. Combination of the two results in clean, flowing type with sudden and unexpected moments of disruption. Rails has been featured in Computer Arts magazine.

‘Bridle Path’ is a captivating font that embodies the graceful beauty of natural ink strokes. With its unique blend of thick and light strokes, it exudes a tranquil and soulful writing style that is both relaxed and inviting. The font's distinctive character makes it an excellent choice for various applications, including brands, logos, photography logo watermarks, headers, titles, weddings, cards, and website banners. The fluidity of Bridle Path’s design creates an enchanting visual experience, as if each letter was crafted by an artist's brush. The thick strokes provide a sense of boldness and strength, while the light strokes add delicacy and elegance to the overall appearance. This combination results in a font that captures attention and leaves a lasting impression. Bridle Path’s versatility extends beyond its aesthetic appeal. It has been meticulously crafted to support multilanguage usage, ensuring that it can seamlessly adapt to various linguistic needs. Whether your content is in English, Spanish, French, German, or any other language, Bridle Path will faithfully represent your words with clarity and beauty. Whether you're seeking a font that embodies a serene atmosphere or one that adds a touch of sophistication, Bridle Path is the perfect choice. Its soothing and expressive nature elevates any design, making it a valuable asset for both professional and personal projects. Embrace the allure of ‘Bridle Path’ and bring a sense of natural elegance to your creations.

Brains Courage is a victorian serif with classy and classic look with vintage feel, inspired by 60s and 70s signages. This font perfectly made to be applied especially in logo, and the other various formal forms such as invitations, labels, logos, magazines, books, greeting / wedding cards, packaging, fashion, make up, stationery, novels, labels or any type of advertising purpose. Features : numbers and punctuation multilingual & alternate PUA encoded We highly recommend using a program that supports OpenType features and Glyphs panels like many of Adobe apps and Corel Draw, so you can see and access all Glyph variations.